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Posts Tagged ‘haplogroup’

With the assistance of DNA markers, genealogy tracing of a person’s ancestral past can be accomplished. This can be done by the comparison of short tandem sections of DNA strands of two or more samples. These strands are the genetic markers that prove scientifically who we are related to.

The reason these tandem pairs are used is the rarity of a mutation occurring for people that are related. In most cases, when a mutation occurs there is an addition or subtraction of just one repeating code. The rarity of this mutation occurring is 1 in every 500 generations for a single marker.

With an increase in markers that are observed comes the likely increase of a mutation being observed. When analysts observe the Y-DNA strands for comparison, 21 markers are noticed. The increase in the number of markers that are observed come the likelihood of mutation occurring. With these 21 markers, the odds of a mutation is 1 in every 24 generations.

With mtDNA, up to 65 different markers can be observed. What is known is that the more markers that are being looked for in the comparison, the accuracy of the results increase.

The greatest degree of accuracy is the closest relationship between two samples. This is the relationship between parent and child. With the advancements in modern testing techniques, the results are now 99.999% accurate.

Genealogists use this same data to determine which Haplogroup a sample is from. This is possible because of all the known results from past DNA markers. Genealogy has matured into a respected science over the years, and these results can be relied on for finding out where our ancestors came from.

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DNA testing and genealogy results go hand in hand when a person is in search of their ancestral past. Medical information can also be obtained from DNA testing, but the way the results are analyzed is vastly different. For this reason, you must know what your intentions are before the tests are conducted.

There are specialists in the genealogy field that do nothing but analyze the results from samples. Just like with medical analysts, they know this craft and only this specialty.

In the different Y-DNA and mtDNA strands, the medical specialists are looking for specific omissions or additions of specific genes that might be present. The genealogy specialist is looking for patterns in the DNA sequencing.  These patterns are what identify the samples to which genetic family line they follow. These patterns are distinctive and are present in every sample. This includes both Y-DNA and mtDNA samples.

When studying the different samples, the analyst will be looking for the mother genetic line when the mtDNA is analyzed and the father’s genetic line from the Y-DNA. What specifically are being looked for are repeated sets of nucleotides. These patterns that are present in every sample are how they will be categorized and placed within a Haplogroup.

The reason this type of analysis can be done is because every mother passes down the mtDNA she was give by her mother to her children, which is unchanged. For the father’s lineage, the Y-DNA is passed down from father to son only. This too, is unchanged and the reason it can be traced.

This is why a male sample can trace both lines of their ancestral past but a female can’t. This is also the reason a child’s grandfather on their mother’s side can not be traced back unless a male sibling of the mother is tested.

This is the basics of DNA testing and genealogy results that can be produced from every sample.

Click this link for more information: DNA Testing

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With Y DNA genealogy testing, a male can find out his father’s line of the family. This is because only men have the Y chromosome. The testing on this short chromosome is the Y STR test. This is helpful in discovering the past since this is passed down from father to son.

The STR is a segment of the DNA in the Y chromosome in the region that is considered Junk. The letters STR stand for short tandem repeats. The number of times a segment repeats itself is called the allele. This number is distinctive within a population which leads to surname lineage.

There are over 100 different markers in the Y DNA chromosome, but the typical one tested is the 10-67 STR marker. This identifies the haplotype that the sample belongs to. Within this testing the SNPs are notices. These are the single nucleotide polymorphism. These are observed for any changes and help identify the Haplogroup a sample is from. The mutation rate of the SNP is very low. For this reason, it is the ideal candidate for mapping a family tree.

Before a sample is tested, the number of markers to be identified should be chosen. Some only test for 12 markers, while others test for 67. For any surname project, at least 25 markers should be tested. The greater the number of markers that are identified, the more conclusive the results will be.

When a mutation occurs in a SNP, more than 1% of the population must have this same mutation for the SNP to be considered useful. If your SNP mutation is in less than 1%, then it is a personal SNP and is distinctive to your family tree.

The Y DNA genealogy testing of the SNP and the STR is the only way to determine the male ancestral line. The greater the number of markers are identified, the more accurate the results.

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The genealogical DNA test that is readily available for any one to take has been refined over the years to give accurate and informative information about the ancestral past of the subject. Because of the popularity of this kind of test, the prices have decreased in recent years making the availability of even more results and family lines available for genealogist to use in their work.

The simplicity of the test makes it possible for most anyone to take the sample at their home. This helps to avoid an unnecessary expense of traveling to a certified laboratory and having a technician take the sample.

A sample is taken by rubbing a cotton swab, or a provided paddle type scraper, on a person’s cheek inside the mouth. This collects numerous cells that contains the DNA. This sampling technique is the simplest that can be used. The only decision a person needs to make is how thorough of a test that is to be conducted should be. The more markers that are identified, the more information can be discovered.

There are two distinctly different tests that can be conducted. The Y DNA is for the father’s lineage while the mtDNA is from the mother lineage. With the Y DNA, there are repeating nucleotides that are called Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) that are identified. There are over 100 of these present but the maximum testing usually only contains 67 of them for thorough results.

With mtDNA, the Single Nucleotides Polymorphisms (SNPs) are tested. These are passed down from every mother to her children without mutations. This is a stable DNA that can be traced back in time to which Haplogroup a person originates from. The basic test involves 12 markers but just like the Y DNA, up to 67 markers can be identified and used for analysis.

Depending on the thoroughness of the desired results, a genealogical DNA test can range in cost from just under $100 up to $700. The choice is that of the person desiring the results.

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When deciding if genetic genealogy testing is right for you, know the facts and what can really be learned from the results before you proceed. This type of testing is sometimes referred to as genealogical DNA testing. It is designed to assist a person to learn more about their ancestral past. This is not a test for the discovery of genetic disorders and its medical value is minuscule.

For most, genetic genealogy is an additional tool that is now being used by traditional genealogist to assist in the discovery of genetic relationships between two individuals that existed in different time periods. Before the introduction of genetic testing, the common tool for a genealogist was by tracing the path of a family surname.

Today, the results of a genetic genealogy test can give a person an area and time period in which there is a probable chance of a distant relative presence. This is referred to as genetic percentages. This is the tool used to trace the roots of a family to a specific country or region, in a specific time period. Since most Americans are a mix of cultures and races, the admixture tests were developed.

These tests help to determine a person’s genetic mixture of a Haplogroup. The areas that can be determined are Native American, European, East Asian, and Sub-Sahara African. There are a few companies that are starting to specialize in the area and are even working on methods to more closely define the specific regions or counties in which the results can be identified.

When it comes to genetic genealogy testing, looking into what research a company specializes in will help a person to determine which one can fulfill their needs the best.  We recommend Family Finder as one of the best new methods today.

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With DNA testing for ancestry, the field of Genealogy has more tools than ever to discover your family tree.  No longer is there the need to dig deep into historical records and family history, although there will still be plenty of this fun stuff to do.  A simple DNA test can start you on the road to discovering your ancestors from 10,000 years ago.

Men and women can both test their DNA to learn the origin of their maternal ancestry.  A specific kind of test called mtDNA or mitochondrial DNA, searches only the women along the line, no men.  Women and men both receive their mtDNA from their mother.

Men can learn the origin of their paternal line by testing their Y chromosome.  The Y chromosome test checks only the paternal line. Women do not have Y DNA and cannot be tested for their paternal line.  If they want to know their paternal ancestry they must ask a brother or their father to be tested.

Once the DNA sample is taken, genealogists will determine your haplogroup.  This is a set of a people with a common ancestor, often from 10,000 to 150,000 years ago, the time when humans evolved in Africa and then migrated around the world.  Men have both a paternal and maternal haplogroup; women have only the maternal haplogroup because they bear only X chromosomes while men have an X and a Y.

A fascinating result of the DNA test is to see where your ancient family members migrated across the globe.  You’ll see how mutations in early genetic lines affect your family too.   You’ll learn all the genetic influences in your ancient family tree.  You may have Asian influence you don’t know about or you may be related to Napolean or a U.S. President.   DNA testing for ancestry will provide knowledge about your unique family history you never thought possible.

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The most common ancestry DNA test is the Y-DNA and the mtDNA test.  Using the genetic information in these tests, you can answer questions about your long-ago history that your grandparents and historical documents can’t provide.

There are 100 labs worldwide that collect DNA material for genetic testing. All tests are basically the same.  They require a swab of the inside of your cheek and use it to establish a database of comparison.

The Y-DNA test will establish the direct line ancestry of your father since only males have a Y chromosome.  It passes unchanged from father to son and beyond.   Laboratories compare the analysis of samples among men and to find out how far back they must go to discover a common ancestor.   That is how families learn who among those with the same surname are related to them.   In fact, some families have ongoing surname projects where various family members submit Y-DNA samples to discover other people with the same surname who are indeed related.

Woman do not have Y chromosomes so their X chromosomes are reliable only in determining their mother’s maternal ancestral line.  Women who wish to know more about their paternal ancestry must request cooperation for a sample from their father, uncle, brother, paternal grandfather or cousin who shares the same surname as the father.

Once in the lab, workers look for various markers along the Y-DNA strand.  The more markers, the more accurate the results of one’s ancestry.  The Genographic Project is looking at 12 markers; however surname projects and most laboratories look for 25 markers or more.

Once the markers are compared, workers can suggest a haplogroup, or genetic population.  Haplogroups are ancient clans that migrated across the globe from Africa.

Genetic testing can determine what percentage of a person is European, Asian, Native American or Sub-Saharan African, making an ancestry DNA test the most revealing test one can take.

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Scientists turn to genealogical DNA tests to answer intriguing questions about ancestry.  What was once science fiction is now available to families around the world who seek information about their deep ancestral roots.

How do you know which test is right for you?  Here are some options to help you narrow your choice.

For men, the common male ancestor test will reveal analysis of 24 markers that get passed through generations of men in the same family.  The 24 are selected because they are identical for the past 20 generations or so.   An average generation is considered to be 25 years.

If your test results are identical to another man’s test results, the two of you share a common male ancestor.   You may find you are linked to a specific ethnic group you didn’t realize or you may share a surname with other people who are related to you.  Once you compare notes with them, both groups may find other, more distant relatives.

The common female ancestor test is offered to both men and women because both genders share an X chromosome.  There are 33 primary female clans in the world and most are specific to a particular continent.  Once the clan, or haplogroup is identified, then regions within the continent can be narrowed down.  For example, Europeans are all descended from seven maternal clans.  Your makers may group you with one from Spain or from Russia.

Native American DNA tests are very active with various individuals seeking knowledge about their particular tribe.  There are four maternal clans and they are linked by language more than geography.

It is easy to order a DNA test.  You simply chose a lab online, order the test, and wait for the cheek swab.  Genealogical DNA tests are quick and painless, and within 4 to 6 weeks you’ll have a wealth of information about your deep ancestral roots.

For those of you who ask, “What does a genealogy DNA test kit look like?” Please click on the tab at the right marked: “Kerchner Files”.  These files are copyrighted and used with permission.  You will also see what DNA test results look like.

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Without ancestry DNA tests, most people can only name their maternal and paternal grandparents. After that the information becomes unreliable unless great time and effort is expended to research historical records.

Science allows us to look back at our ancient family tree, to the time when humans first migrated from their early roots in Africa. To find out where your family originated, migrated and then mutated to form its own group or haplogroup, you need only take a moment to swab the inside of your cheek with a special painless device.

Genealogists today are actively gathering DNA samples to establish markers and lines of ancestry. When looking for a DNA test lab ask about the size of the database. The larger the base of knowledge, the more reliable and informative your test results will be. There are several labs that provide DNA testing; begin your search with the size of the database.

There are two kits available, the Mitochondrial or mtDNA and the Y-Chromosome. The Y chromosome passes down only through the males of a family since males have an X and a Y chromosome while females have just an X. The Y Chromosome test will determine paternal linkage, while the mtDNA will explore the mother’s line for her female and male children.

There are various DNA test kits available and depending upon the number of markers the kit looks for, the more information the result will yield, and the greater the cost for the kit. You will receive the test kit in the mail. It will house what appears to be an undersized plastic toothbrush and a sterile container to place it in for mailing it back.

Once you return the ancestry DNA tests you’ll wait 6 to 8 weeks for the results and then you are on your way to exploring the ancient roots of your family.

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With DNA testing for ancestry, the field of Genealogy has more tools than ever to discover your family tree.  Along with the genealogist research tools for digging deep into historical records and family history, you now have Genealogy DNA comparison to give solid evidence to your research.

A simple DNA test can start you on the road to discovering your ancestors from 10,000 years ago.  Men and women can both test their DNA to learn the origin of their maternal ancestry.  A specific kind of test called mtDNA or mitochondrial DNA, searches only the women along the line, no men.  Women and men both receive their mtDNA from their mother.

Men can learn the origin of their paternal line by testing their Y chromosome.  The Y chromosome test checks only the paternal line. Women do not have Y DNA and cannot be tested for their paternal line.  If they want to know their paternal ancestry they must ask a brother or their father or a male cousin to be tested.  This is one way to firm up the surname line of your ancestry.

Once the DNA sample is taken, the results will determine your haplogroup.  This is a set of a people with a common ancestor, often from 10,000 to 150,000 years ago, the time when it has been shown that humans evolved in Africa and then migrated around the world.  Men have both a paternal and maternal haplogroup; women have only the maternal haplogroup because they bear only X chromosomes while men have an X and a Y.

A fascinating result of the DNA test is to see where your ancient family members migrated across the globe.  You’ll see how mutations in early genetic lines affect your family too.   You’ll learn all the genetic influences in your ancient family tree.  You may have Asian influence you don’t know about or you may be related to Napolean or a U.S. President.   DNA testing for ancestry will provide knowledge about your unique family history you never thought possible.

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