Posts Tagged ‘Y chromosome’

Family Finder Review

Family finder DNA is the best and the accurate method to find out the genetic make up of your family group. Using DNA genealogy you can get confirmation whether to include the person in the family tree or not. All the ancestral information is provided by a single DNA test.

Family Finder DNA Test

A DNA test is really easy and can be done at home using the kit available for home testing. You give the sample of cells from the inside of your cheek using the swab available in the kit and give the samples in the lab. The experts in the lab will give you the information you require related to your family background. Even the tests can solve the cases related to someone suspicious in the family. You can also find out your earliest homeland using a DNA test.

This way DNA testing and Genealogy are related to each other. Genealogy is so advanced that you can even find out the roots of a particular individual. And Genealogy with a DNA test can cause wonders. The DNA test can be done by any member of the family or by all the members who want to be sure about the paternal and maternal background. The more the members test their DNA, the more accurate you will be about your results. Mostly testing is done using Y chromosome as it takes the family name. So, it can tell you about the pre historic times of the male line. If someone with the same surname is somehow related to your male line this will be  determined by the Y chromosome.

Autosomal DNA Family Finder

Using the mtDNA test you can find out the history of your maternal lines. You can also discover about the pre historical times and get to know from which region your family has developed or migrated from. Usually experts use this method to find out the paternal and maternal lines. But, now the Family Finder DNA database has been developed using autosomal DNA which you can even find the branches of your family tree inside of the paternal and maternal line.

Family Finder is now also being used to find out the actual parents of adopted children. This way it is helping a lot in solving various cases like kidnapping, etc. In the past all these things were not achievable and due to this many cases remain unsolved, but now the cases related to child adoption and child kidnapping are solved much more easily with just a simple DNA test.

The discovery of DNA and DNA tests is one of the greatest achievements in the field of medical science. In 2000 Bryan Skyes published a study on the subject of Genealogy DNA in which he used DNA (Y-chromosomes) to determine the relatedness between two individuals. In this study, an experiment was done on 48 men with the surname of skyes. Four short Tandem repeats were done on Y-chromosomes: DYS19, DYS390, DYS391 and DYS393. The results found were amazing! Out of 48, 21 men had same core haplotype and the left over were just one step away. Bryan Skyes interpreted that these men originated from a common ancestor who lived 700 years ago. This shows how successful Family Tree DNA is.

Family Finder Test

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DNA Testing for Genealogy

There are 60 types of cells in a human body and the DNA present in each type of cell helps in DNA testing for Genealogy.  DNA is the abbreviation of Deoxyribonucleic acid and is present in the nucleus of the cell. It has two parts: X chromosome and Y chromosome. In the outer part of the nucleus, you will find X chromosome while Y chromosome is present in the inner part of the nucleus. Father and mother, both have to contribute for preparing DNA of child. This means the y chromosomes are transferred from father and X chromosomes are transferred from mother of the child.

There are a lot of technical and other improvements going on in case of DNA testing which is helping in solving different cases. For example, DNA helps in identifying the father and mother of the child and to solve murder cases. Not only this, DNA test is also included in Genealogy research.

Genealogy research in becoming more and more famous and there are large number of people who are taking it as a hobby. But it is such a complicated and vast research that even expert genealogists get frustrated. Researchers have to do a lot of paper work which is time consuming. Sometimes the researched documents are damaged or the handwriting becomes illegible. In DNA test you can get the results in just 15 minutes without any compromise with the quality and authenticity.

If you want to know about the maternal background of the person, go for mitochondrial testing. After marriage the surname of the girl usually changes due to which she lost her maternal lines. DNA testing for Genealogy is the most popular process to know about the maternal background. Experts are trying to make the concept of DNA Genealogy easier to help people find the maternal background. Tests are done in the lab and the samples are compared with the database of mtDNA samples.

Not only this, the best part is that the samples of mtDNA remain unchanged. Even mtDNA that is present in the cells of the body remains unchanged. So, you can find out your maternal background at any day of your life. Now women can even trace their origin 150,000 years ago. No doubt, everybody says that the maternal linage is eve but, there were many other women. It was the linage of eve which survived.

In genetic Genealogy, experts mostly use Y chromosome to get the results. Using Y chromosome you can even get to know that the person is related to the decreased one or not. As Y chromosome is passed on from father to son, experts can easily trace the paternal background of the person.

If the two persons have same surname, experts can even find out the relation between the two using DNA Genealogy. DNA testing for Genealogy has even got the results about animals and their extension. They have even found the ways to know about the fist animal to start the breed. DNA Genealogy is the greatest discovery ever done in the history of medical science.

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DNA Genealogy is basically another term for DNA testing. Usually DNA testing is done for catching criminals and solving other kidnapping cases. But, Genealogy DNA is used to find out what the possible relationship is of one person with another or for finding the ancestors.

The first Genealogy study was conducted in 1980s at the University of California, Berkeley. The scientists involved in this discovery are Rebecca L. Cann, Mark Stoneking and Allan C. Wilson. They discovered a new type of DNA named mitochondrial DNA which is present in the cell. It is passed on from mother to her child. The other DNA, Y chromosome, is

DNA Genealogy Testing

These are the two type of DNA which mostly tells about our ancestors. It also tells about the tribes and the place of origin of our maternal and paternal lines. Scientists have studied a lot about evolution and have now concluded that we all came from one common ancestor called Adam and Eve. No doubt, there were other men and women also but it was only Adam and Eve who survived.

DNA Genealogy has helped a lot in solving different things. It is an interesting topic for scientists. They do new researches like finding out the people related to the famous personalities like George Washington, Julius Caesar or Genghis Khan. Scientists have produced human archeological record. Doctors have found DNA Genealogy useful for finding hereditary diseases and cure. DNA testing has a strong ability to reunite the families as it is 100% accurate and without any duplication. The best part is that it is helping in reduction of criminals in the society by solving maximum criminal cases.

To cut the long story short, I just want to say that DNA Genealogy which is related to DNA testing is the biggest discovery ever made in the field of medical science.

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With DNA testing for ancestry, the field of Genealogy has more tools than ever to discover your family tree.  No longer is there the need to dig deep into historical records and family history, although there will still be plenty of this fun stuff to do.  A simple DNA test can start you on the road to discovering your ancestors from 10,000 years ago.

Men and women can both test their DNA to learn the origin of their maternal ancestry.  A specific kind of test called mtDNA or mitochondrial DNA, searches only the women along the line, no men.  Women and men both receive their mtDNA from their mother.

Men can learn the origin of their paternal line by testing their Y chromosome.  The Y chromosome test checks only the paternal line. Women do not have Y DNA and cannot be tested for their paternal line.  If they want to know their paternal ancestry they must ask a brother or their father to be tested.

Once the DNA sample is taken, genealogists will determine your haplogroup.  This is a set of a people with a common ancestor, often from 10,000 to 150,000 years ago, the time when humans evolved in Africa and then migrated around the world.  Men have both a paternal and maternal haplogroup; women have only the maternal haplogroup because they bear only X chromosomes while men have an X and a Y.

A fascinating result of the DNA test is to see where your ancient family members migrated across the globe.  You’ll see how mutations in early genetic lines affect your family too.   You’ll learn all the genetic influences in your ancient family tree.  You may have Asian influence you don’t know about or you may be related to Napolean or a U.S. President.   DNA testing for ancestry will provide knowledge about your unique family history you never thought possible.

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Your ancestry by DNA is available with a few hundred dollars, four weeks and a simple cheek swab.  Finding ancestors via a genetic highway to the past is the most exciting breakthrough in the field of genetic research in decades.

The process begins with a kit from a laboratory that tests DNA and establishes a database for comparison.  The kit includes a plastic scraper which painlessly scrapes off loose cells in the lining of the check called buccal cells.  These cells contain the building blocks of life called DNA.

It only takes a few seconds and does not break the skin or cause any pain.  You place the sample into the tube that is provided in your kit and you send it to the pre-addressed envelope.

When the lab brings in the sample, workers will separate your cells from the plastic swab by use of unique buffers to suspend the cells in a sterile liquid.  In a series of washes the cells are purified and isolated further through a high speed spinning process called centrifugation.    This step occurs several times to create a pure DNA sample, separate from all other matter in the liquid transport.

The next step in the process is called “lysis” in which cells are heated to such a degree that the cell membrane breaks open.  Once the cell is breached the DNA leaches into the solution.  This is when the matching with other individuals occurs.

In a process called PCR, or polymerase chain reaction, DNA strands get separated, are combined with primers specific to each Y-chromosome and are annealed or stuck to the DNA strands.  Over the course of several repetitions, another chemical process takes place that amplifies Y-chromosome markers of interest to the researchers.

From here scientists can unlock the mysteries of ancestry by DNA and “unite” you with your ancestors in just a matter of hours.

Update: News from Family Tree DNA explains how now you may locate other family members in your family tree from internal branches, not just your direct paternal or maternal lines. It is explained in the following video at: Family Finder

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If you want DNA genetics it is not necessary to test every member of your family.   The Y-chromosome present in the cells of all males will yield results for all male members of your family.  Women lack the Y-chromosome and have only X chromosomes.  In this case, the mitochondrion of women is tested and findings apply to the female family members.

Popular media such as the television crime dramas show conclusive proof of DNA guilt or innocence.  DNA used for genealogy is not as fool proof.   Populations have been mixing since humans first left Africa 150,000 years ago, so while a DNA marker reveals a strong link of origin to a single group, it is not 100 percent guaranteed proof since no marker has been found to lie exclusively in one group.

Researchers believe every person on earth originates from only 100,000 early individuals and in some ancient way we are all related; your neighbor, your colleague, your best friend:  Even famous and infamous individuals like President Roosevelt or Henry VIII !

In spite of the scientific advances in DNA technology, the test is relatively simple.  A painless cheek swab is sent to a lab for analysis.  Technicians extract, amplify and analyze the cellular sample and then compare and match it to DNA samples from a database of other samples.  At this point they are looking to link it to a particular haplotype which is a grouping of closely linked genes.

When a person is found to share maternal or paternal ancestry lines with other people it is called lineage testing.  There is another kind of analysis called admixture testing which centers on 22 pairs of chromosomes not related to gender such as the Y which is exclusive to men and the X present in men and in women.

Regardless of the method you choose, DNA genetics will yield far more information about your ancestors than mere historical records can show.

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Genealogists turn to ancestral DNA testing to answer questions that historical records alone cannot.  All people of the world have DNA so it makes sense they would form a large information base about the evolution of humans.

It isn’t necessary to test every member of a family to learn their origins.  Women carry mtDNA because they lack the Y chromosome that men have to determine the male gender.  Brothers and sisters share the same mtDNA and brothers share the same Y DNA.   MtDNA yields information about the maternal line of a family.  Mt is short for mitochondria present in both men and women.  Y DNA tests the paternal line.

Here is what you can learn from a DNA test for ancestry:

Do your ancestors originate from Europe, or the farmers from the Middle East?  Europeans came from seven maternal clans and your DNA can spot the markers that show the specific area of Europe where your mother’s family originated.

Even if you are Caucasian you may discover a bloodline that points to Africa and the oldest human population from 100,000 years ago.  Some of the early tribes are the Bantu, Ibo and Kung.

Native Americans are predominately from four clans which migrated from the Old World.  Native Americans today seek to know which modern tribe they are from and DNA evidence of early tribal migration narrows the focus of an otherwise broad population sample.

Some families today are conducting surname projects to learn the origin of their last name.   Whether the name is Jones or Andrianopoulos, families want to know who they are related to around the world.

The human race has been mixing since it evolved in Africa 150,000 years ago.  You may find identifying markers from several groups that don’t seem connected because of the constant evolution of families.  If you’re looking for many answers to specific questions, proceed with ancestral DNA testing with an open mind.  Collectively the more people that do have genealogy DNA testing performed will help to grow the database for the overall study.

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One thing that DNA testing for genealogy shows is,  if you are a male, you have the same biological component as your father, your grandfather, your great-grandfather, your great, great grandfather and your g-g-g-g-g-grandfather.

That component is called the Y-chromosome, part of the genetic ribbon of information that makes every male, male.   When you test your Y-DNA, you can determine whether you are or are not related to another male with the same surname.  You might even want to join the growing list of surname projects going on across the country.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, exists in almost all cells and is the building block for a human being.  DNA determines genetics and whether your eyes are blue and your hair is straight.  It also predicts the risk for health disorders or diseases, so there is much to be learned through DNA testing that goes beyond ancestry.

The way genealogists approach DNA testing is they look for mutations.  In other words, a mutation is a change in the DNA sequencing.  Cells in our body increase by dividing in a process called mitosis.  An enzyme called polymerase uses the original DNA helix as a template and then builds a whole new cell using the same DNA code.

Occasionally a mutation in this process occurs and gets passed on.  It is rare; approximately 0.2% per generation, but it does signal a break in the identical ancestral code that gets passed from father to son.

There are DNA genealogy tests for women, even if they do not have a Y chromosome.  For women, scientists rely on the mitochondrial DNA which gets passed from the mother to all her offspring.

It’s fascinating that with the help of a single cheek swab DNA testing for genealogy can track the history of your surname, or even your ancient ancestors as they migrated from East Africa 80 thousand years ago.

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Without ancestry DNA tests, most people can only name their maternal and paternal grandparents. After that the information becomes unreliable unless great time and effort is expended to research historical records.

Science allows us to look back at our ancient family tree, to the time when humans first migrated from their early roots in Africa. To find out where your family originated, migrated and then mutated to form its own group or haplogroup, you need only take a moment to swab the inside of your cheek with a special painless device.

Genealogists today are actively gathering DNA samples to establish markers and lines of ancestry. When looking for a DNA test lab ask about the size of the database. The larger the base of knowledge, the more reliable and informative your test results will be. There are several labs that provide DNA testing; begin your search with the size of the database.

There are two kits available, the Mitochondrial or mtDNA and the Y-Chromosome. The Y chromosome passes down only through the males of a family since males have an X and a Y chromosome while females have just an X. The Y Chromosome test will determine paternal linkage, while the mtDNA will explore the mother’s line for her female and male children.

There are various DNA test kits available and depending upon the number of markers the kit looks for, the more information the result will yield, and the greater the cost for the kit. You will receive the test kit in the mail. It will house what appears to be an undersized plastic toothbrush and a sterile container to place it in for mailing it back.

Once you return the ancestry DNA tests you’ll wait 6 to 8 weeks for the results and then you are on your way to exploring the ancient roots of your family.

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With DNA testing for ancestry, the field of Genealogy has more tools than ever to discover your family tree.  Along with the genealogist research tools for digging deep into historical records and family history, you now have Genealogy DNA comparison to give solid evidence to your research.

A simple DNA test can start you on the road to discovering your ancestors from 10,000 years ago.  Men and women can both test their DNA to learn the origin of their maternal ancestry.  A specific kind of test called mtDNA or mitochondrial DNA, searches only the women along the line, no men.  Women and men both receive their mtDNA from their mother.

Men can learn the origin of their paternal line by testing their Y chromosome.  The Y chromosome test checks only the paternal line. Women do not have Y DNA and cannot be tested for their paternal line.  If they want to know their paternal ancestry they must ask a brother or their father or a male cousin to be tested.  This is one way to firm up the surname line of your ancestry.

Once the DNA sample is taken, the results will determine your haplogroup.  This is a set of a people with a common ancestor, often from 10,000 to 150,000 years ago, the time when it has been shown that humans evolved in Africa and then migrated around the world.  Men have both a paternal and maternal haplogroup; women have only the maternal haplogroup because they bear only X chromosomes while men have an X and a Y.

A fascinating result of the DNA test is to see where your ancient family members migrated across the globe.  You’ll see how mutations in early genetic lines affect your family too.   You’ll learn all the genetic influences in your ancient family tree.  You may have Asian influence you don’t know about or you may be related to Napolean or a U.S. President.   DNA testing for ancestry will provide knowledge about your unique family history you never thought possible.

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